Türk Dil Tarih Kültür Birliği

PONTUS

(Mahmut Goloğlu’unu Pontos kitabından-Ankara 1973) en kısa özet :

1840 / 1923

• 1840 Abdülmecit- Gülhane hattı humâyunu ile Pontos sorunu ortaya çıkar.
• 1856 Paris anlaşması… Dinler arası
  eşitlik ve Hürriyet…Hristiyan/ Müslüman ikiliği oluştu.Trabzon’un Maçka
  ilçesinde ilk Hristiyan/ Müslüman kavgaları ve tartışmaları başladı.

• 1895 Trabzon Metropoliti Hristomos Rumları kışkırtmaya başlar, Sümela manastırı 

    İstanbul Rum patrikhanesine bağlanır. Din adamları politikaya karışırlar

• Merzifon Amerikan koleji, ABD desteğini ulaştıran kuruluştur.(Ermenilere de ayni kolej ilk desteği vermiştir)
• 1908. Pontusçuluk çabaları hızla artıyor . Samsun’un, Pontus başkenti olacağından buradaki  Pontusçular , daha sert ve yoğun çalışmalar yapıyorlar. RUM’ların yani Hristiyan Türklerinin,(Karaman Rumları gibi) Yunanlı Hristiyan olduğu iddiaları Yunanistan tarafından ortaya atılıyor .Yunanistan’ dan da 30bin göçmen getiriliyor

• 1912’lerde Pontusçuluk bir Yunan sorunu hâline getiriliyor.

• 1914. Seferberlikten istifade ile Rumlar ayaklanma ve casusluk için teşkilatlandılar Karadeniz kıyılarını işgal etmekte olan Ruslarla işbirliğine giriştiler.
• Trabzon’un işgali ile Pontus çeteleri Trabzon’un kasaba ve köylerinde katliam, yakma, yıkım ve yağmalara giriştiler.İşte bu, (savaşta, silâhlı isyan , düşmanla işbirliği , katil, yakma ,yıkma, yağma) tüm dünyada en büyük savaş suçudur. Pontusçular bu suçu işlemişlerdir…Ermeniler gibi…Şimdi, masumiyet çığlıkları atmaktadırlar …
• Tümüyle savunmasız olan Türk halkı ilk kere silâhlanmak ve organize olmak gereğinde kalmışlardır.
• 1917. Rus ihtilâli ile yalnız kalan Pontusçular, Rusların yerine Türk kuvvetlerinin gelmesiyle sinmişler ve fakat gizli yakma, yıkma ve casusluk çabalarına devam etmişlerdir.
• Trabzon metropoliti Hrisantos, Pontusçuları birliğe davet ediyor ve onları kışkırtıyordu.
• Trabzondaki Pontusçular  halkın silâhlanması ve 1919’da 15 Kolordu komutanı Kâzım. Karabekir’in Trabzona gelmesiyle  fena durumda kalmışlardı.
• Fakat Samsun bölgesindeki 16 Pontusçu çete felâket estiriyorlardı. Merzifon ve İstanbuldaki Pontus klüplerinden büyük moral yardım görüyorlardı: Önce Pontus kurulacak, sonra tüm Anadolu işgâl edilerek BİZANS ihya edilecekti.
• Hrisantos  Paris Barış Konferansına biri muhtıra vererek , Rumların çoğunlukta olduğunu (Türk, Oflu, Sürmenli, kafkaslı vb..) gibi uydurmalarla  ispat etmek istemişti. Gerçek sayılar 60bin Rum/ 317 bin Müslümandı.
• Yunanlılar  Karadenizin Yunan gölü olduğunu İmâ için ona PONTUs EUXİNUS(pontus ÖGZİN-US)* adı vermişlerdi.
• Yunanlılar,tüm çabalarına rağmen Anadolu’da büyük bir ayaklanma başaramıyorlardı. Bazı Rumlar biz Hristiyan Türküyüz diyerek isyanı reddediyorlardı.
• Doğu Karadenizi vatandan ayırmak için bir bahane bulup İzmiri işgâl ettikleri gibi bu bölgeyi işgal etmek tek çare idi.Mondros antlaşmasına uyarak. İşgal devletleri bir nota vererek (eğer bu yörede asayiş sağlanmazsa işgal etmek gereğinde kalacaklarını) bildirdiler.
• Bunun üzerine saray, Bu bölgede asayişi sağlamak üzere Mustafa kemal paşayı 9’ncu Ordu müfettişi olarak görevlendirdi.
• 191 mayıs 1919 M.K. Paşa Samsun’a çıkıp duruma el koydu ve Yunan planı suya düştü.
• Hrisantos , Londra’dan yardım istedi 23.7.1919.. General Harbord bu sırada raporunu yazmaktaydı : Türkler bulundukları bölgelerde çoğunluktadırlar.
• Pontusçular yeniden ve bu kere intikam alırcasına ayaklandılar.Samsun / Amasya / Gümüşhane bölgesinde kan gövdeyi götürdü.
• Ermenilerin Trabzon’u istemeleri üzerine telaşlanan Pontusçular, çocukçasına bir manevra ile , Türklerle artık  elele yaşamaya karar verdiklerini bildirdiler.(12.11.1919.)
• Yunanlılar bu ümitsiz durumda kendi başlarına bir çıkarma yapma çabaları içindeydiler.,
• Kars yöresinden 200bin kadar Rum getirme planları hazırlamakta idiler.
• Yunanistan’da 30 bin kişilik bir i kuvvet için 4 sınıfın askere alındığı bildiriliyordu.
• Trabzon’u savunmak için ise, bizde 5 ayrı gurup kuvvet hazırlanmış bekliyordu.
• O sırlarda imzalanmış olana SEVR şartlarında Pontus’un adı bile geçmiyor idi..
• 6.9.1920’de Yunan donanmasını harekete geçtiği,, İzmir’de 5bin kişilik bir kuvvetin gemilere bindirildiği öğrenildi.
• Samsun
  / Amasya bölgesinde Pontus çeteleri azgınlıklarını arttırmışlardı.
  Katliam, yıkım yağma yangın son haddinde idi.Merzifondaki Amerikan koleji elinden gelen yardımı yapıyordu.
• okullar, klüpler kiliseler de Pontusçularla Yunanlılar arasında  askerÎ harekâtla ilgili bilgiler  ele geçirildi.
• Samsun metropolit vekil, başpapaz istiklâl mahkemesine verildi bazı elebaşılar asıldı.
• 20.7. 1921 Yunan zırhlısı KILKIŞ ve bir Torpido, başta Trabzon olmak üzere Karadeniz kıyılarını bombardman ettiler.
• Sabırlar çoktan taştığından buna bir son vermek gerekti. Bir merkez ordu kuruldu ve Pontus çetelerine hücuma geçildi
• 1922 şubat ayında 3262 çeteci çarpışmada öldürüldü. 1841 yakalandı, 231 Rum mahkeme kararı ile asıldı, 24.511 Rum Anadolu içlerine gönderildi.
• Merkez Ordu kaldırıldı
• Fakat, teslim olmayan bazı çeteler sıyrılarak Yunan ordusuna katılmak istediler ,Nallıhan, Ilgaz ve Bolu’da katliam yaparak kaçarlarken
• Üstlerine iki alay ve Muhafız taburundan iki bölük gönderilerek zararsız hâle  getirildiler.

İşte

Pontus katliamı(!) denen olaylar bunlardır.

Not : PONTUS ÖGZİN-US adındaki
ÖGZİN, ÖGİZ kelimesinin düzenini bozulmasından oluşmuştur. ÖG-İZ ,
Ön-Türkçede (su örtüsü, akar su) anlamlarına gelir.. Us,On gibi son
ekler ise doğrudan Ön-Türkçe’den Yunan ve Lâtin dillerine geçmişlerdir…
Pontus, Lâtince köprü demektir. Yunanistan ile bu yörenin köprü
oluşturması düşünülmüştür.

Karadeniz’in Ön-Türkçe adı OQ-OZ ULIQ KÖL’dür.

Halûk Tarcan     Bilimsel araştırmacı ( CNRS-Paris /ulusal Bilimsel araştırma Merkezi)

Sorumlular :Yunanistan, ABD. Rusya, İngiltere ve aynı yolda yürüyen Hristiyan dünyası..

Günümüzde
, İlk startı veren Vatikan’dır. Bir önceki Papa” Ttürkiyede demokrasi
vardır” Misyonerler ve özellikle Trakt’lar( el ilânları) ile Pontus
sorununu canladırılmasını önermiş ve bu uygulamaya konulmuştur. Bundan
sonrası ise kiliseler arası işbirliğidir… buradan da uluslararası sorun hâline getirilmeye ikinci bir Soykırımı sorunu yaratılmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Taktiğmiz
, savunma değil hücum olmalı bu gerçekler tüm detaylarıyla ortaya
çıkarılmalı ve Osmanlı imparatorluğunun barış denegsini bozan,
Yunanistan, ABD, İngiltere ve rUsya’dan hesap sorulmalı , Pontus
çetecilerinden yaptıkları tahribat için tazminat ve hayatta olanlar varsa mahkemeye verilmenlidirler…. Fakat, ayıp olmasın , küstürmeyelim pısırık politikasıyla kısa sürede topraklarımızı kaybederiz.

Ben –direkt- Atatürk çocuğuyum, Atatürk bu benim hakkımdır der ister ve
alırdı… Ülkesine iftira ve hakareti aynen iade ederdi Onun için 1935’te
“13 milyonluk fakir Türkiye’nin büyük saygınlığı” vardı. Türklere hürmet edilmesini öğretmişti. Asla taviz vermemişti.

Bugün 70 milyonuz ve mükemmel donanmış 5 ordumuz, her alanda yetişmiş kafalar var!? Hâlâ  mı suskunluk, niçin, neden ve nasıl???????

H.T.

The Asiatic Scythians

Doç. Dr. Haluk BERKMEN

  One of the Central-Asiatic ancient cultural centers is located in the Altai autonomous republic within Russia. The Altai republic is the territory of highlands situated in the very center of Asia at the junction of Siberian taiga, steppes of Kazakhstan and semi-deserts of Mongolia. This region is populated presently by several groups of people known under the names, the Tubalars, the Teleuts, the Shors, the Telengits, the Uryanhaits and the Oirots. They all speak a Turkish dialect which stems from the early proto-language.

  It is claimed, in general, that the Saka (Scythian) tribes inhabited these regions throughout Classical Antiquity (1), but it is almost never mentioned that the Saka people belonged to the ancient Uighur federation. The name Saka comes from the proto-language and is formed out of two monosyllabic words; As and Ok. We can guess that there were two neighboring group of tribes named as the As and the Ok who merged into a loose federation, to form the As-Ok; which in time became to be known as the Saka people. In early Altaic vowels belonging to the same group, such as “a” and “o” could replace each other and even change place within a word. This fact has been mentioned in The Proto-language of Central Asia.

The As people were, most probably, one of the prominent tribes in the region since the continent of Asia is named after them. Even today we have a country named Azerbaijan, whose name is made out 4 monosyllabic Turkish words. Az or As is the tribe name, Er stands for male or human, Bay is a title meaning leader and Jan meaning spirit. So the name stands for “The spiritual leadership of the As people”.

Herodotus described the Saka as people wearing trousers and pointed hats. They carried bows, arrows and daggers. Their battle ax was called the “sagar”(2). They worshiped the sun god and buried their dead at the top of high peaks, as mentioned by A. Siliotti (1):

Archeological research has shown that the plains in the southern and western regions of Kazakhstan were densely populated from the eight century BC; it was here that concentrations of immense tumulus type necropolises contained grave goods of such splendor that archeologists call the tumuli “royal kurgan”. (page 203)

  The word “kurgan” is made out of Ok-Ur-gan, which means “The location where the Ok resides”. Ur is a Turkic word meaning to reside or to settle. There were two ancient Sumer cities in Mesopotamian named Ur and Uruk. When the suffix -gan is added to any verb, the new word becomes a noun; therefore kurgan is the place of final residence for the Ok leaders. The art objects found in these kurgans are generally made out of gold and convey symbols of the early Altaic culture.

  Above we see an elk with huge horns joined together with a gryphon. The special symbolism of joining several animals in one peace of art was a common practice employed among ancient Asiatic cultures. The artifact above is made out of pure gold and was found in a kurgan near Issık göl, a lake in Kazakhstan. The exaggerated horns are typical and symbolize power, as mentioned in The Hidden Meaning of Petroglyphs.

  The symbolism hidden in these artifacts and images can be considered as being part of a semiotic writing system. This semiotic system of conveying ideas has been the precursor of several writing systems employed today all over the world. Below we see ibexes carved in rock with excessively exaggerated long horns. Comparing these carvings to the refined art of the Scythians one can conclude that the Scythians were the offspring of the ancient Central-Asiatic people.

  A further proof of this connection is found in an article published by Natalya Polosmak. She starts her article with the following words(3):

  Under capricious skies in southern Siberia a rare unlooted tomb lies ready to illuminate the culture of the ancient Pazyryk people. These semi nomadic herders laid their well-appointed dead here in the high steppes, the Pastures of Heaven, as close as their world came to the great beyond.

  Pazyryk is a special site where more than 150 kurgans have been found and investigated by Russian archeologists. It is located on top of the high Ukok plateau which is at the junction of Russia, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia (map above). Frozen deep inside a kurgan the well preserved body of a lady, probably a shaman woman, was discovered. She had the tattoo of an elk on her shoulder (central image above). On the right side we see another elk statue from the same Pazyryk site. The common feature of these elks was the overgrown horns, clear indication of mystical or even physical power.

  The name of this plateau is formed out of two monosyllabic words; Uk and Ok. Uk (spelled as ook). Uk is an ancient proto-word meaning “up”. Actually “up” come into English from the Viking language which is a Ural-Altaic language. Up is pronounced as ‘oop’ in Swedish. The “U”, which is pronounced as “yoo” has acquired a “y” in English. The same addition happened also in Turkish. “Up” is “yuka-ry” in Turkish where the first syllable is pronounced as “yoo”. There is also another clue in the name Ukraine, which is the name of the country above the Black sea. The similarity between Ukary in Turkish and the country name Ukraine is worth noticing. The suffix –ru/ry/gy stands for “towards” in Turkish. So Ukraine means “towards the north”.

A further indication is found in the common tribal name of indigenous people living in the North-Eastern parts of Asia. These are the Yukagir who occupied a huge territory from Lake Baikal to the Arctic Ocean. If we split the name ‘Yukagir’ as Yuka-gir the meaning “enter up” appears, where ‘yuka’ is “up” and ‘gir’ means “enter” in Turkish. This name fits perfectly to the tribes that moved up north of Central Asia.

With these correlations we can deduce that the Ukok region was the high plateau of the Ok people.

References

(1)   Dwellings of Eternity, Alberto Siliotti, Barnes and Noble books, 2000, (page 202)
(2)   Histories, Book 4, Translated by Rawlingson, Wordsworth Editions, 1996
(3)   Pastures of Heaven, National Geographic, Vol. 186, No.4, page 80.

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The Ancient Uighur (Uygur) Empire

Doç. Dr. Haluk BERKMEN

  Introduction
  The present work is an investigation into the forgotten past. Its goal is to bring into light the ancient civilization that existed many thousand years ago and which is not mentioned in any history book.
  Where and when did that civilization exist? What language did it speak? How and why did it spread all around the world?  What proof and indications of its existence do we still have today?
  All these fascinating questions will be addressed from a global point of view here. The present work is based on three main topics: Cultural history, language and architecture.
  There is no clear evidence about the whereabouts of the original root culture. It has been accepted, in general, that Mesopotamia has been the cradle of civilization, where the first organized religion, the first scriptures and many other "firsts" started. It is more likely that people came to these regions from somewhere else and had already a developed language and a rudimentary writing system.
  Recent research on the culture of Mesopotamia and especially on the Sumer language gives strong evidence that the language of Sumer belonged to the Ural-Altaic language group of Asia. One cannot, anymore, claim that isolated languages evolved within isolated geographical pockets. Linguists worldwide are now more inclined to accept that Central-Asia has been the cradle of civilization for a very long span of time.
   It is therefore important to start from Asia and to investigate the proto-language spoken many thousand years ago. The result of the forthcoming investigation gives strong support to the theory that Central-Asiatic people lay the foundations of the present day world civilization. This theory is supported by linguistic and architectural evidences. These evidences will be elaborated with the help of many pictures, tables and graphs.

  The Ancient Uighur (Uygur) Empire
  The region defined as the central-Asiatic plateau includes a vast continent whose western borders include the whole of Europe, eastern borders include eastern Asia and Japan. The southern boundary of this vast region cut through what is now Northern Persia, India, Mesopotamia and present day North Vietnam. We now define this vast continent as Eurasia. And the language group of this region as Eurasiatic.

  The large Eurasiatic language family includes the Altaic, Uralic, Dravidian, Indo-European and even the Afro-Asiatic  languages.

  The ancient population of Eurasia speaking the proto-language was the people known as The Uygur (Uighur) whom we know are of Turkic ancestry.  The Uighur population formed chains of settlements across central Asia and Central Europe many thousand years ago. Although the historical records claim that the Uighur people are the offspring of the Huns and starts from 300 BCE, the exact beginning date of this culture is much more ancient and very much unclear. One should be very careful in naming ancient cultures. This is because a name is immediately linked to a certain time period and subjective feelings of possession trigger unending controversies. The approximate starting date of the Ancient Uighur Empire, or more correctly loose federation of independent tribes, could tentatively be located around 20,000 years BP.

 It was first James Churchwald (1852-1936), a British officer who served in India during the 1880’ies who brought the Ancient Uighur Empire to the attention of the world. He claimed that a lost continent named Mu existed once upon a time. As the continent located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean disappeared under the sea due to some cataclysmic disaster, people of this culture migrated to distant locations of the world. Their largest and most important colonial empire was the Ancient Uygur Empire, the Empire of the Sun. Churchwald claims: “Next to Mu herself, the Uighur Empire was the largest empire the world has ever known”(1).

  Churchwald wrote several books on Mu (2), but as of today (2009) the sunken Mu continent has not been discovered. Nevertheless, the Ancient Uighur federation of tribes is a fact and can be demonstrated to have existed for a rather long period of time. This culture did not totally disappear from the face of the world, but has mutated and evolved into several different nations speaking several interrelated languages. Let us ponder on the main climatic changes which forced these tribes to move out of Central Asia and spread all over the world.

  Present day central-Asia is inhospitable and patched with vast deserts. It has been demonstrated that a major climatic change has occurred in these regions. A great flood swept up over eastern and northeastern Asia and destroyed several Uighur cities and settlements, drowning most of the inhabitants, and burying or destroying almost all architectural structures. The main reason of that flood was the melting of the glaciers, extending over almost all of northern regions of Asia and Europe.

  The flood brought some alkaline deposits that resulted in transforming the Gobi and Taklamakan of central Asia into a sandy, rocky, inhospitable desert. There have been extensive studies on the geological structure of Central Asia. In such a joint publication of Philip L. Kohl et. al. (3) it is said:

  “A striking example of changes in Central Asian topography is provided by the `Takyr` formations of the Central Asians deserts.  Takyr’s are alkaline soil formations, generally containing only algae and lichens, which are formed by the accumulation of dry alluvium in natural depressions. Physically they form smooth, bare, thin and hard parquet-like or cracked structures, which are the result of rapid drying of stilt suspensions and the cementing of surface layers by carbonate crusts of Calcium. They are distributed over large waterless tracts throughout Central Asia, providing convincing evidence of the retraction or shift in water courses.”

  These words tell us that at a certain period of time Central Asia was a region containing many waterways, rivers and large lakes. The mentioned flood came not only from the melting of the northern glaciers, but also from the west as claimed by W. Ryan and W. Pitman (4).

  The above map was drawn by J. Churchwald in 1925. He clearly indicated the vast regions of Asia occupied by the Ancient Uighur Empire. The hypothetical Mu continent is shown on the lower-right side of the map. Although, not indicated on this map a vast internal lake –or even sea- existed at the central-western region of Asia, extending from the Aral lake up to and including the Balkhash lake. Many cities were located at the edge of this huge internal sea, which gave the opportunity to learn and practice seafaring to the people living around this area.

  Present day Uighurs of interior Asia live for the most part in western China; in the Sinkiang (Sinjan) Uighur Autonomous Region. This people is said to be descended from the ancient Uighur nation that was sovereign from the 10th to the 12th century AD. But in fact their origin is totally forgotten. They have been known under many names throughout the ages, such as: Turani, Kashgari, Turki, Tangut, Tarkhut, Khitan-Liao, Jurchen, Xia (Hsia), Hui-Ho, Minyag, Topa, Hsiung-Nu, Tu-er-ke, Chang-Di, Tou-Kiou, Mi, Mu, Hu, and Hun. (5)

  It would be an error to consider these nations as being all different from each other. They all belonged to the same Turkic stock and all spoke approximately the same Altaic language, which developed from the proto-language. Note that the Turks were also known under the name Mu. Therefore, the lost Mu Empire claimed by James Churchwald was another name given to the imperial nomads of Asia. Some of the above names are different pronunciations or adaptations belonging to different neighboring nations. It is a well known fact that most of our present knowledge about the Central Asiatic ancient history comes from the Chinese chronicles. The foreign words were always adapted to suit the Chinese monosyllabic pronunciation. Therefore, the original pronunciations, in many cases, were twisted almost beyond recognition. In his book Luc Kwanten says:

  “The Hsiung-nu was not the first organized state on the steppe, for it appears to have built upon a pre-existing, but unknown, tradition. Only archeological evidence attests to the historical existence of earlier steppe civilizations, but there were at least three such centers of civilization, and the evidence suggests a presence on the steppe several centuries before the Hsiung-nu.”(5)

  Recognizing this situation we will adopt the name Uighur as a generic name for these genetically, culturally and linguistically connected people. The history of these people is the history of humanity, the history of the Forgotten Past.

References:

(1)   Understanding Mu, Hans Stefan Santesson, Paperback Library Edition, 1970
(2)   Lost Continen of Mu and The Childeren of Mu by James Churchwald.
(3)   Central Asia, P. L. Kohl, ISBN: 2-86538-071-8, Page 26.
(4)   Noah’s Flood: New Scientific Discoveries about the Event That Changed History, by William Ryan and Walter Pitman, Simon & Schuster, 2000.
(5)   Imperial Nomads, Luc Kwanten, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.

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